Discover the fascinating world of tectonic plates! Learn how plate tectonics shapes our planet, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains.

Dive into Earth's layers and uncover their secrets! Learn the chemical composition and physical conditions in each of the layers in Earth's structure. Explore the fascinating Earth layers: the crust, mantle, outer core, inner core, and their unique characteristics. Find out which is the deepest hole on Earth.

Uncover the differences between rocks, minerals, and gemstones, discover how they are all formed, and explore examples from each category.

What is magma? Magma is a super-hot viscous material that consists of molten and semi-molten rock that flows deep beneath the Earth’s surface. Depending on the chemical composition of the magma, there are three magma categories: basaltic magma, andesitic magma, and rhyolitic magma. There are different mechanisms for magma formation: partial melting, decompression melting, and flux-induced melting. When magma breaks through the earth’s surface, the magma that reaches the surfa